![]() However, ETDs have limited retention times and their use may result in negative short- and long-term consequences including capture myopathy, impacts to energetics, behavior, and entanglement risk. ETDs are less invasive and easier to apply than implanted internal devices, making them more widely used. ![]() This fundamentally limits access by researchers to critical parts of pinniped life history and has spurred the development and implementation of a variety of externally attached telemetry devices (ETDs) to collect information about movement patterns, physiology and ecology of marine animals when they cannot be directly observed. Pinnipeds spend large portions of their lives at sea, submerged, or hauled-out on land, often on remote off-shore islands.
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